PADICURE

A pedicure is a way to improve the appearance of the feet and their nails. It provides a similar service as a manicure. The word pedicure comes from the Latin words pedis, which means of the foot, and cura, which means care. It also means the care of the feet and toenails. A pedicure can help prevent nail diseasses and nail disorder. Pedicures are not just limited to nails; usually dead skin cells on the bottom of feet are rubbed off using a rough stone called a pumice stone.

Foot massage. Foot reflexology has been widely used while giving the foot massage. It is said to soothe nerves throughout the body (see reflexology). Practitioners may also massage with hot stones in their hands and use special creams with menthol, which are said to help rejuvenate the foot. A pumice stone is used to rub dead skin off the feet.

• Acetone
• Antibacterial soap
• Cotton balls
• Cuticle cream
• Cuticle pusher or Cuticle nipper
• Foot bath
• Lotion
• Nail polish
• Orangewood sticks
• Toenail clippers
• Towels

MAINECURE

A manicure is a cosmetic beauty treatment for the fingernails and hands performed either at home or by a nail technician. A manicure treatment can be just for the hands or nails, or can be for both. A common manicure found is the filing, shaping of the nails and the application of polish. There are also manicure services that are specialties for the hands and feet. For the hands, the soaking of a softening substance and the application of a lotions is a common specialty. Another common specialty is applying a similar treatment to the feet and toenails. This is called a pedicure. The word "manicure" derives from Latin: manus for "hand," cura for "care."

In addition to the filing, polishing, and painting of fingernails, a manicure may also include the application of artificial nail tips, acrylics or artificial nail gels. Some manicures can include the painting of pictures or designs on the nails or applying small decals or imitation jewels.

In many areas, manicurists are licensed and follow regulation. Since skin is manipulated and is sometimes trimmed, there is a certain risk of spreading infection when tools are used across many people and, therefore, sanitation is a serious issue.

History

Manicures began 5000 years ago. In India, henna was used for manicure. The term mehendi, used synonymously for henna, derives from the Sanskrit mehandika. Much of the modern revival of henna derives from its popularity in India. Cixi, the Dowager Empress of China, was known to keep very long naturally-grown nails.

French manicures are manicures designed to resemble a natural nail, and are characterized by natural pink base nails with white tips. The tips of the nail are painted white while the rest of the nail is polished in a pink or a suitable nude shade. French manicures may have originated in 18th-century Paris and were popular in the 1920s and 1930s.^{[citation needed]} Like any style it is chosen for a variety of aesthetic reasons. Many choose it because it is very simple and give nails a natural look.

Fashion nails

In the late 20th century, artificial nails for women became widely popular. The artificial nails are not a replacement, but an extension for natural nails. There are two main approaches to creating artificial nails—tips and forms. Tips are made of lightweight plastic plates that are "nail" shaped. They are glued on the end of the natural nail and acrylic is then applied over the entire nail. Forms are fitted over the nail and then an artificial nail is molded out of acrylic and the form is removed and then properly shaped and buffed to a shine. There are several popular techniques that can be used to create longer better looking nail enhancements. One popular material commonly called "acrylies" is a mixture of a polymer powder and a liquid monomer (e.g.ethylmethacrylate). The mixture starts to harden in 30–40 seconds after application and continues to cure to final hardness typically for more than an hour. Powder and liquid acrylics can be removed in 20 minutes using a variety of solvents (usually acetoneis used). Another material, commonly called "UV gel", (in correct chemical terms a polymer resin) hardens under ultreviolet light. Depending on brand these can show a broader variety of quality and properties (flexibility, strength, etc.) but may be more expensive. They generally cannot be removed by organic solvents, but only be removed by filing (or left to grow out with the natural nail). Another popular alternative to acrylic or gel preparations are Fiberglass or Silk wraps. They are done by cutting pieces of actual fiberglass or silk fabric to fit on the surface of the nail or tip and then it is sealed down with a resin or glue. These are a possible alternative for those who are allergic to chemicals used in the acrylic or gel process. Other materials can be used, as well as combinations of them. There are also temporary, cheaper flexible tips that can be quickly glued at home without help from a professional. Acrylic nail powders are available in a variety of colours and can use "special effects" such as contours, sparkles and the very popular French Manicure (pink and white appearance).

Long, manicured nails are a fashion statement.

These fashion trends are not without risks, as residues of acrylic resins have been known to lead to redness, swelling, pain and even severe allergic reactions. The nail can separate from the nail bed, and if the nail root becomes damaged, the replacement can be permanently deformed. As well, nail glue is poisonous if accidentally swallowed and a few nail polishes and removers contain toxic formaldehyder or acetone^.

An alternative to acrylic nails is to harden your natural nail by using a fluoride treatment. Fluoride claims to harden your nails just as it hardens your teeth. However, some fluoride nail treatments contain Ammonium Hexafluorophosphate rather than Stannous fluoride, which is the type of fluoride normally used in toothpaste.

Paraffin treatments

The hands can be dipped in melted paraffin waxfor softening and moisturizing. Paraffin wax is used because it can be heated to temperatures of over 100 degrees Fahrenheit, without burning or injuring the hand. The intense heat allows for deeper absorption of emollients and essential oils. The wax is usually infused with various botanical ingredients such as Aloe vera, chamomile, tea tree oil, and azulene. Fruit waxes such as peach, apple and strawberry are often used in salons.

Occasionally, lotion is rubbed on the hand before submersion into the paraffin bath. The hand is usually dipped more than once to allow a thicker wax coat to form, making the coating stay warm for longer and less likely to break or tear prematurely. After the hands have been dipped in the wax, they are wrapped in either plastic or aluminum foil, or a special type of plastic bag or glove then covered with towel or special mitten to retain warmth. The hands are left for a few minutes before the paraffin is cooled and dried.

Hot oil manicureA hot oil manicure is a specific type of manicure that cleans the cuticles and softens them with oil. It works well for dry skin and nails that are brittle as it improves both by leaving them soft and pliable. Types of oils that can be used are mineral oil, olive oil or commercial preparation in an electric heater.

The standard manicure Process

A manicurist prepares for a customer by ensuring that the working area and tools are sanitized and conveniently located and there is proper lighting.

Common manicure tools and supplies

A standard Cuticle Nipper used during manicure.

Tools:

• Bowl of warm water or finger bath. Nail clippers
  
• Cuticle knife and clippers
• Cuticle pusher/Hoof stick
• Nail file/emery board, buffer, scissors and brush
• Orange Stick

Supplies:

• Cuticle remover * this is caustic and MUST be rinsed off the skin after use, oil and cream
• Massage lotion
• Nail polish
  • Base coat polish & ridge filler polish
  • Color varnish
  • Top coat or sealant
• Nail bindi stick-on jewels
• Nail polish remover or nail polish remover wipes
• Hand cream
• Sanitizing spray/towels
• Cotton balls/pads
• Hand towels

DRYSKIN

Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. The skin has a parched look caused by its inability to retain moisture. It usually feels "tight" and uncomfortable after washing unless some type of moisturizer or skin cream is applied. Chapping and cracking are signs of extremely dry, dehydrated skin.
Dryness is exacerbated by wind, extremes of temperature and air-conditioning, all of which cause the skin to flake, chap and feel tight. This type of skin is tightly drawn over bones. It looks dull, especially on the cheeks and around the eyes. There may be tiny expression lines on these spots and at the comers of the mouth.

Causes

• The oil glands do not supply enough lubrication to the skin. As a result, the skin becomes dehydrated.

• Skin gets exposed to the elements especially in winter.

• Dry skin could be due to a genetic condition.

• Poor diet. Nutritional deficiencies, especially deficiencies of vitamin A and the B vitamins, can also contribute to dry skin.

• Environmental factors such as exposure to sun, wind, cold, chemicals, or cosmetics, or excessive bathing with harsh soaps.

• Conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, or seborrhea.

• Dry Skin Could Also Be From:

	Dry skin can be a sign of an underactive thyroid.
	Serious skin complications can arise for people with diabetes.
	How To Care for Dry Skin Avoid the use of tap water when cleansing dry skin. The deposits are too drying on the skin. And never, ever use hot water. Use mineral water to freshen your face. Don't use a washcloth-a rough texture can irritate. In the morning, apply a spray of mineral water on your skin misted on with a plant sprayer. (Do not use a sprayer that had been used for spraying insecticides.) Lightly pat dry. Dry skin needs plenty of thorough but gentle cleansing, regular stimulation with massage and generous quantities of oil and moisture. It also needs extra careful protection. Washing dry skin with soap and water not only removes grime but also the natural oils protecting the skin. A moisturizer increases the water content of the outer layers of the skin and gives it a soft, moist look. Use nondetergent, neutral-pH products to cleanse your skin. Avoid using any commercial soap. And always touch your face gently. Double-cleanse with a cream, leaving a light, thin trace of it on the skin after the second cleansing. Follow a bath or a shower with a mild application of baby oil. Massage your face with home-made nourishing cream every night before retiring. Be generous with the cream in the areas surrounding the eyes where tiny lines and crows feet are born. Avoid coming in contact with highly alkaline soaps and detergents like washing sodas and powders which contain highly alkaline and drying ingredients. Morning Skin Cleanser/Rejuvenator Every morning 15 minutes before taking your bath 1 egg yolk 1 teaspoon orange juice 1 teaspoon olive oil and few drops of rose water few drops of lime juice Mix the above ingredients together and apply on your skin. Beauty Mask for Dry Skin 1 egg 1 teaspoon of honey, 1/2 teaspoon of olive oil and few drops of rose water Mix the ingredients thoroughly and use as a mask. Night Moisturizing After you clean and tone your skin, apply a splash of water or a water-misting. Pat almost dry with a soft towel, then smooth moisturizer from bosom to hairline. Allow five minutes for immediate absorption (cover your face and throat with warm washcloths to hasten penetration), then blot off any excess moisturizer with a tissue. Men can skip the toner but should moisturize the delicate skin around the eye area. Day Moisturizing Milk Bath Once a week take a milk bath. It will nourish and smoothen your skin. Warm your bath water and put in 250 gram of powdered milk, half tablespoon of almond oil and a few drops of your favorite perfume. Then just lie in it and let your mind wander while the wholesome foam works wonders on your dry skin. If your lips chap, peel or crack then the best remedy is to massage them with a little cream of milk to which a few drops each of rose water and lime juice has been added every night before going to bed. Before applying lipstick, use a soft piece of towel for removing rough bits of chapped skin and rub a piece of raw beetroot gently on them. After applying lipstick add a little vaseline to keep your lips soft and pretty. Moisturize your skin after cleansing to keep it from drying out. Use a liquid moisturizer or facial oil that contains nutrients and other natural ingredients. Avoid solid, waxy moisturizing creams. Use a humidifier (or even a pan of water placed near a radiator) to humidify your environment, especially in winter. This helps to reduce the amount of moisture lost from the skin through evaporation. Stay out of overheated rooms; avoid sudden changes in temperature; protect yourself from wind and sun. Remember, your face is fragile. If you don't have a good, strong moisturizer on your face on a cold, windy winter day, don't go out! Cold will cause any moisture on your skin to evaporate. The wind will just accelerate the process. At night, use a very creamy cleanser or oil (baby oil is perfectly all right). Remove residue with a spray of mineral water. Follow up with a night cream applied at least a half-hour before retiring. If you lie down immediately after applying cream, it will "puff-up" delicate tissues around the eyes. For cracked, dry skin on the fingers, use calendula cream or oil with comfrey, vitamin E oil, and aloe vera. Apply the mixture to hands at bedtime, then wear plastic gloves overnight. Do not smoke. Smoking has a harmful effect on the skin for several reasons. Nicotine constricts the blood vessels, including the tiny capillaries that serve the skin. This deprives the skin of the oxygen and nutrients it needs for good health. Smoking also can make the skin dry and leathery. Do not use harsh soaps, cold cream, or cleansing creams on your skin. Cleansing creams are made from hydrogenated oils, which can cause free radical damage to the skin, resulting in dryness and wrinkles. Instead, use pure olive, avocado, or almond oil to cleanse the skin. Pat the oil on, then wash it off with warm water and a soft cloth. Do not use very hot water when bathing or showering. As much as possible, stay out of the sun. The sun is responsible for most of the damage done to the skin. It causes dryness, wrinkles, and even rashes and blisters. Always apply a good sunscreen to all exposed areas of skin if you must be in the sun. Herbs for Dry Skin Aloe Vera: Aloe vera is soothing, healing, and moisturizing. It also helps to remove dead skin cells. Apply aloe vera gel topically on affected areas. Calendula and comfrey have skin-softening properties. They can be used in a facial sauna or to make herbal or floral waters. Comfrey also reduces redness and soothes irritated skin. Add 5 drops of lavender oil or oat extract to bath water. After the bath, apply diluted evening primrose oil or aloe vera cream. Drink teas of camomile, dandelion or peppermint. Borage, fennel, coltsfoot or calendula tea also helps improve the skin. Add 1 tsp. of herbs to 1 cup of boiling water and drink daily. Tea tree oil has been known to penetrate into the skin's cellular level. Add 1 drop of oil to your favorite day or night cream to help moisturize and smooth skin. Herbal Facial Sauna A weekly facial sauna using the herbs chamomile, lavender, and peppermint is good for dry skin. Using a glass or enameled pot, simmer a total of 2 to 4 tablespoons of dried or fresh herbs in 2 quarts of water. When the pot is steaming, place it on top of a trivet or thick potholder on a table, and sit with your face at a comfortable distance over the steam for fifteen minutes. You can use a towel to trap the steam if you wish. After fifteen minutes, splash your face with cold water and allow your skin to air dry or pat it dry with a towel. Then either apply a good natural moisturizer or facial oil, or apply a clay mask. Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin Eat a balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits, grains, seeds, and nuts. Eat quality protein from vegetable sources. Increase your intake of raw foods. Eat foods such as garlic, onions, eggs, and asparagus that are high in sulfur, which helps to keep the skin smooth and youthful. Consume plenty of yellow and orange vegetables. These are high in beta-carotene, an antioxidant. Carrots are especially good. Unrefined, cold-pressed flax seed oil used daily on salads and baked potatoes, or mixed into any dishes which do not require heating to high temperatures will make dry skin moist and supple. Flax seed oil contains the essential fatty acids omega-3 alpha linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid. These are converted in the body into hormone, like substances called Prostaglandins, which support skin health. Cantaloupes, carrots and apricots are heating foods for dry skin because they are rich in the vitamins A and C, both important for a supple, smooth skin. Eat them whole or take as fresh juices. Eat foods rich in pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), such as quark, raw. milk cheese, natural plain yogurt, kefir, leafy green vegetables, nutritional yeast and wheat germ. Pantothenic acid is need for the synthesis of fats and oils used by the skin. Drink at least 2 quarts of quality water every day to keep the skin well hydrated. Avoid fried foods, animal fats, and heat-processed vegetable oils. Use cold- pressed oils only. Heating oils leads to the production of free radicals, which have a destructive effect on the skin. Do not drink soft drinks or eat sugar, chocolate, potato chips, or other junk foods. Avoid alcohol and caffeine. These substances have a diuretic effect, causing the body and skin cells to lose fluids and essential minerals.

OILYSKIN

Oily Skin

Oily skin is shiny, thick and dull colored. Often a chronically oily skin has coarse pores and pimples and other embarrassing blemishes. It is prone to blackheads. In this type of skin, the oil producing sebaceous glands are overactive and produce more oil than is needed. The oil oozes and gives the skin a greasy shine. The pores are enlarged and the skin has a coarse look.

Causes of Oily Skin

• Heredity

• Diet
• Hormone levels
• Pregnancy
• Birth control pills
• Cosmetics you use
• Humidity and hot weather

Because of the hormonal shifts of adolescence, oily skin is common in teenagers, but it can occur at any age. In general, skin tends to become dryer with age. The flow of sebum or oil increases during adolescence and starts decreasing with age. During pregnancy and menopause, hormonal imbalances can also upset the oil balance and increase the activity of sebaceous glands.

Many people have skin that is oily only in certain areas and dry or normal in others, a condition known as combination skin.

Skin Care for Oily Skin

The great advantage of oily skin is that it ages at a slower rate than other skin types.

Oily skin needs special cleansing with plenty of hot water and soap to prevent the pores from being clogged. Avoid harsh products that strip your skin of oil and encourage flakiness. They can cause a reaction known as reactive seborrhea, where the oil glands work overtime to compensate for the loss of natural oils.

Avoid skincare products that leave your skin feeling taut and dehydrated. They cause the upper layers of the skin to shrink. This restricts oil flow through the pores leading to blockages and breakouts.

To cleanse oily skin, use oil-based products as they dissolve sebum effectively. Opt for oil-free moisturizers to maintain a shine-free complexion.

Keep your skin very clean. Limit washing your face to two or three times a day. Too much washing will stimulate your skin to produce more oil.

Choose your cleanser with care. Avoid heavy cleansing creams. Avoid the use of harsh soaps or cleansers. Use a pure soap with no artificial additives. Try an antibacterial cleansing lotion or a lightly medicated soap, and use it in combination with a water rich in minerals, not tap water. Do not use cleansers or lotions that contain alcohol. After cleansing, apply a natural oil-free moisturizer to keep the skin supple.

Use hot water when washing your face. Hot water dissolves skin oil better than lukewarm or cold water.

If your skin is extremely oily, three or four daily clean sings may be in order and little or no moisturizing necessary before you are 30 years old. After that point, the skin around your eyes and mouth and on your throat may benefit from a nightly moisturizing, plus a mere touch of moisturizer in the morning.

When cleansing, massage your face well with your fingertips, using an upward and outward motion. Be careful not to rub soap into the skin; it can clog pores.

If your oily skin is scaly, you can often correct the problem by using a deep-cleaning exfoliant on alternate nights, and following the treatment with a light coating of moisturizer.

Try using a clay or mud mask. If you have sensitive skin, use white or rose-colored clays.

Use a light antiseptic night cream from time to time if you wish, and apply a clarifying mask one or two times a week.

Choose cosmetic and facial care products specifically designed for oily skin.

Before applying makeup, use an antiseptic day cream with active ingredients that diminish sebaceous secretions. Look for benzine peroxide in the list of active ingredients.

Use a light antiseptic night cream from time to time if you wish, and apply a clarifying mask one or two times a week.

Natural Skincare

Half an hour before taking your bath apply on your face half teaspoon each of lime and cucumber juice mixed together.

If your skin is excessively oily, mix in a few drops of ude cologne. This not only helps keep oiliness away but also helps in refining the pores of the skin by acting as astringent, thereby preventing acne.

To prevent the problem of your makeup becoming patchy either on the forehead, chin or nose due to excessive oiliness in these areas, apply a little cucumber juice on the excessively oily parts of your face, dry thoroughly and then apply your makeup.

If your whole face turns patchy after makeup is applied on it, then apply equal parts of lime juice and witch-hazel. Dry well before putting on your makeup.

Choose an astringent that contains acetone, which is known for dissolving oil. Strong astringents will do more harm than good, stimulating an overproduction of oil.

To clear away excess oil, use a clay or mud mask. Blend together well 1 teaspoon green clay powder and 1 teaspoon raw honey. Apply the mixture to your face, avoiding the eye area. Leave it on for fifteen minutes, then rinse well with lukewarm water. Do this at least three times a week--or more.

Once or twice daily, mix equal parts of lemon juice and water together. Pat mixture on your face and allow it to dry, then rinse with warm water. Follow with a cool-water rinse.

Diet for Oily Skin

Take a diet rich in proteins but restricted in sugar, fluids and salt.

Take plenty of leafy green vegetables and fresh fruits.

Have your blood brought up to par by the suitable administration of necessary vitamins, iron and similar substances.

Even a slight deficiency in vitamin B2 can cause oily skin. Nutritional yeast, wheat germ and organ meats provide both vitamin B5 and vitamin B2. Other good sources of vitamin B2 are whole grains, beans, nuts, and royal jelly. Buckwheat, black beans and whole rice are excellent to supply the body with iron and rejuvenate pate skin.

Drink plenty of quality water to keep the skin hydrated and flush out toxins.

Reduce the amount of fat in your diet. Avoid pork and fried and highly seasoned foods. Consume no animal fats, or heat-processed vegetable oils.

Do not cook with oil. Do not eat any oils that have been subjected to heat, whether in processing or cooking. If a little oil is necessary, such as in salad dressing, use cold-pressed canola or olive oil only.

Do not drink soft drinks or alcoholic beverages. Avoid sugar, chocolate, and junk food.

ACNESKIN

What is acne? What are the different types of acne?

Acne (acne vulgaris, common acne) is not just a problem for teenagers; it can affect people from ages 10 through 40. It is not unusual for women, in particular, to develop acne in their mid- to late-20s, even if they have not had breakouts in years (or ever). On the positive side, those few individuals who have acne into their 40s may well grow out of it. Acne can appear on the skin as any of the following:

These blemishes occur wherever there are many oil (sebaceous) glands, mainly on the face, chest, and back.

You can do a lot to treat your acne using products available at a drugstore or cosmetic counter that do not require a prescription. However, for tougher cases of acne, you should consult a physician for treatment options.

What causes acne?

No one factor causes acne. Acne happens when oil (sebaceous) glands come to life around puberty, stimulated by male hormones from the adrenal glands of both boys and girls. Sebum (oil) is a natural substance which lubricates and protects the skin, and under certain circumstances, cells that are close to the surface block the openings of sebaceous glands and cause a buildup of oil underneath. This oil stimulates bacteria (which live on everyone's skin and generally cause no problems) to multiply and cause surrounding tissues to become inflamed.Inflammation near the skin's surface produces a pustule; deeper inflammation results in a pa pule (pimple); deeper still and it's a cyst. If the oil breaks though to the surface, the result is a "whitehead." If the oil accumulates melanin pigment or becomes oxidized, the oil changes from white to black, and the result is a "blackhead." Blackheads are therefore not dirt, and do not reflect poor hygiene.

Here are some factors that don't usually cause acne, at least by themselves:

• Heredity: With the exception of very severe acne, most people do not have the problem exactly as their parents did. Almost everyone has some acne at some point in their life.



• Food: Parents often tell teens to avoid pizza, chocolate, greasy and fried foods, and junk food. While these foods may not be good for overall health, they don't cause acne or make it worse. Although some recent studies have implicated milk and dairy products in aggravating acne, these findings are far from established.



• Dirt: As mentioned above, "blackheads" are oxidized oil, not dirt. Sweat does not cause acne, therefore, it is not necessary to shower instantly after exercise for fear that sweat will clog pores. On the other hand, excessive washing can dry and irritate the skin.



• Stress: Some people get so upset by their pimples that they pick at them and make them last longer. Stress, however, does not play much of a direct role in causing acne.



• Hormones: Some women break out cyclically, but most women (and men) don't. Some oral contraceptive pills may help relieve acne, but unless a woman has abnormal menstrual periods and excessive hair growth, it's unlikely that hormones play much of a role in causing acne. Pregnancy has a variable effect on acne; some women report that they clear up completely, and others get worse, while many others see no overall change.



• Cosmetics: Most cosmetic and skin-care products are not pore-clogging ("comedogenic"). Of the many available brands, those which are listed as "water-based" or "oil-free" are generally a better choice.

In occasional patients, the following may be contributing factors:

• Pressure: In some patients, pressure from helmets, chinstraps, collars, suspenders, and the like can aggravate acne.



• Drugs: Some medications may cause or worsen acne, such as those containing iodides, bromides, or oral or injected steroids (either the medically prescribed prednisone or the steroids that bodybuilders or athletes take). Other drugs that can cause or aggravate acne are anticonvulsant medications and lithium, which is used to treat bipolar disorder. Most cases of acne, however, are not drug-related.

FACEMASSAGE

Face And Head Massage:

The Face Massage and Head Massage is a particularly pleasurable experience- most people will be surprised at the amount of tension they hold here, particularly around the jaw.There is not usually time for a full face and head massage as part of a full-body massage.You might like to try it on its own or in combination with a back and shoulder massage.

Face:
Massage Steps:
1.Cup hands around the head, with thumbs resting on the forehead and fingertips at the temples.Smooth out the forehead in strips-starting along the eyebrows, working up toward the hairline.
2.Press between the eyebrows with your thumbs.Repeat, moving up the center of the forehead to the hairline.
3.Massage temples, using circular motion with fingers.Continue circles down along the jawbone to the chin.
4.Using your fingertips, draw a line under the cheekbone and out to the temples.Repeat, taking the line lower down the cheek each time.
5.Use the fingertips to draw a big mustache shape from the upper lip out to the temples, and circle the temples one more time.
6.Press softly around the upper bone of the eye sockets, starting from the bridge of the nose, out to the corner of the eye.Repeat, this time working carefully around the eye socket under the eyes.
7.Gently massage the ears between your thumbs and fingers, starting at the earlobe and moving around and up to the top of the ear.
8.Pull ears very gently, again starting with the lobe and moving gradually to the top of the ear.
9.Cup hands and rest them over the eyes(it's best to warn your partner before you do this).Ask your partner to breathe in and out deeply several times.Release the hands.

Massage Don'ts:

The throat is another vulnerable area of the body.Although the sides and back of the neck can be massaged, avoid working directly across the throat itself.
The face is naturally more oily than the other parts of the body.Unless the receiver has particularly dry skin, you will not need to add extra oil at this stage.

Head:
Massage Steps:
1.Cup forehead in hands once more and press in the middle of the forehead at hairline.Continue pressing upward to the crown of the head.
2.Supporting the head in the hands and with fingers at the base of the skull, massage the entire scalp.
3.Draw fingers lightly through the hair several times, and off at the crown.

Massage Tips:

If your partners hair is very thick, avoid the possibility of getting your fingers caught in tangles by drawing your fingers over the top of the hair instead.

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NAILPOLISH

Nail polish or nail varnish is a lacquer that is applied to the nails of both the fingers and toes, usually cosmetically, but also as protection for the nails. The act of simply polishing the nails without applying a chemical layer after wards i

HistorY

Nail polish seems to have been originated by the Chinese around 3000 B.C. The Japanese and Italians are thought to have been the first ones to actually use nail polish.^{[citation needed]} The Chinese used a colored lacquer, made from a combination of Arabic gum, egg whites, gelatin and beeswax. They also used a mixture consisting of mashed rose, orchid and impatiens petals combined with alum.^{[citation needed]} This mixture, when applied to nails for a few hours or overnight, leaves a color ranging from pink to red. The Egyptians used reddish-brown stains derived from the henna plant to color their nails as well as the tips of their fingers. Today, some people still use henna dyes to draw intricate, temporary designs on their hands in a practice known as Mehndi. Chou Dynasty of 600 B.C., Chinese royalty often chose gold and silver to enhance their nails. A fifteenth-century Ming manuscript cites red and black as the colors chosen by royalty for centuries previous.^{[citation needed]} The Egyptians also used nail color to signify social order, with shades of red at the top. Queen Nefertiti, wife of the king Akhenaton, colored her finger and toe nails ruby red; Cleopatra favored a deep rust red.^{[citation needed]} Women of lower rank who colored their nails were permitted only pale hues. Incas were known for decorating their fingernails with pictures of eagles.^{[citation needed]} It is unclear how the practice of coloring nails progressed following these ancient beginnings. Portraits from the 17th and 18th centuries include shiny nails.^[1]. By the turn of the 19th century, nails were tinted with scented red oils and polished or buffed with a chamois cloth, rather than simply painted.^[2] In addition, English and US 19th century cookbooks contained directions for making nail paints. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, women still pursued a polished, rather than painted, look by massaging tinted powders and creams into their nails, then buffing them shiny.^[2] One such polishing product sold around this time was Graf’s Hyglo nail polish paste.^[2] Some women during this period painted their nails using a clear, glossy varnish applied with camel-hair brushes.^[2] When automobile paint was created around 1920, it inspired the introduction of colored nail enamels.^[2] Nail polish contains nitrocellulose which is available in many different grades and is measured by viscosity. Nail grade nitrocellulose should be used for nail polish, as opposed to industrial grade which is available for use in furniture finishes, auto-paints and other various non-cosmetic lacquer finishes. Nail polish manufacturers are known to use industrial grade nitrocellulose covertly to save money, as it is half the price of the nail grade nitro. Cosmetic companies should be aware of this practice when they are choosing a pan manufacturer.

Constituents

Pink nail polish

Most nail polishes are made of nitrocellulose dissolved in a solvent (e.g. butyy acetate or ethyl acetate) and either left clear or colored with various pigments. Basic components included are: film forming agents, resins and plasticizers, solvents, and coloring agents. Adhesive polymers (e.g. tosy lamide-formaldehyde resin) ensure the nitrocellulose adheres to the nail's surface. Plasticizers (e.g. camphor) are chemicals that link between polymer chains, spacing them to make the film sufficiently flexible after drying. Pigments and sparkling particles (e.g. mica) add desired color and reflecting characteristics. Thickening agents (e.g. stearal konium hectorite) are added to maintain the sparkling particles in suspension while in the bottle. Ultraviolet stabilizers (e.g. benozophenone-1) resist color changes when the dry film is exposed to direct sunlight.

Nail polish makers have been under pressure to reduce or eliminate potentially toxic ingredients, including phthalates, toluene, and formaldehyde, from their nail polish.^[3][4] In September 2006, several makers agreed to phase out dibutyl phthalate, which has been linked to testicular problems in lab animals and humans, in updated formulations.^[4] Though some makers recently agreed to eliminate formaldehyde from their products, others still use the chemical.^[3]

A recent (ca. 2003) development is water-based nail polish, which is based on an acrylic polymer emulsion (e.g. styrene-acrylate copolymer), and pigments similar to those used in watercolor paints.^{[citation needed]} This is marketed as a more environmentally-conscious product, since nail polish is considered a hazardous waste by some regulatory bodies (e.g. Los Angeles Department of Public Works)^[5] In this application, the solvent (water) does not completely evaporate as in the case of the traditional nail polish; part of the water is absorbed through the fingernail.

Nail polish in fashion

Nail polish is traditionally worn by women, but it is gaining popularity with men as well, who may apply it to their fingernails, toenails, or both. Guitarist John Mayer is credited with starting the trend after appearing on the Grammy (tm) Awards sporting black nails.

Traditional colors for nail polish are red, pink and brown, although it can now be found in nearly every color and shade desired. French manicures traditionally mimic the color of natural nails, with a clear polish on most of the nail and a white finish at the tips. Black and other dark nail polish shades have been popular with goths and punks of both genders since the 1970s, however it has now gained popularity in the mainstream fashion world. Nail polish may also be used to complete an outfit. In this case, women, and occasionally men, match the color of the nail polish to the colors of the clothing.

Some men also wear nail polish (typically fingernail polish). Musicians, particularly of the rock & metal genres including.

Nail polish is easily removed with nail polish remover, which is basically an organic solvent but may also include oils, scents and coloring. Nail polish remover comes in a variety of different packages including individual felt pads soaked in remover, a bottle of liquid remover that can be used with a cotton ball and even containers filled with foam and remover that can be used by inserting a finger into the container and twisting until the polish comes off.

The base solvent in nail polish remover is usually acetone or ethyl acetate. Acetonitrile has also been used in the past, but is more toxic: two cases have been reported of accidental poisoning of young children by acetoni trile-based nail polish remover, one of which was fatal.^[7][8] Acetonitrile has been banned in cosmetics (including nail polish removers) in the European Economic Area since.

LIPGLOSS

Lip gloss is a cosmetic product used primarily to give lips a mildly glossy luster and sometimes subtle color. It is distributed as a liquid or a soft solid (not to be confused with lip balm, which generally has medicinal purposes). It can be completely clear, translucent, or various shades of opacity, including frosted, glittered, and metallic looks.

The first commercially available lip gloss was Max Factor's X-Rated, launched in 1932. The original formula was sold up until 2003, when Procter and Gamble retired the product.

Lip gloss in a tube and wand applicator format

Like lipstick, lip gloss comes in a variety of forms and may be applied in different ways. It can be contained in a small cylindrical bottle and applied with a rounded or sloped applicator wand (known as a deer foot applicator), be applied with a built in lip brush, or a small tube designed for application with the fingertip. Solid glosses come in boxes and tubes, sometimes blurring the distinction between lip gloss and lip balm.

New types of lip gloss contain plumper which make the lip appear fatter. These are a cheap, easy, and harmless alternatives to collagen, Restylane, Juvederm, and/or fat injections, but are often not as effective. The effects are temporary and short-lasting.

Lip gloss is usually used as a cosmetic, however, some offer moisturizing benefits or protection from the elements and other natural causes. Lip gloss containing sunscreen was first advertised by actress Lillian Gish.^{[citation needed]}. Bonne Bell introduced the first flavored lip gloss, Lip Smackers, in 1973. BORBA cosmecuticals and Tarte cosmetics were the first to introduce nutraceutical lip gloss to the market in 2005 providing antioxidants benefits to nourish lips as a nutritional supplement. Natural makeup companies have made progress in creating lip gloss with mainly natural ingredients except for preservatives.

Lip gloss is a good product to use when a person wants to have some color on her lips, but does not want an intense, solid lip color effect (i.e. a more "made-up" look), as lipstick would create. Lip gloss is also often used as a sort of introduction to makeup. It's often used by preteen and young teenage girls who want to wear some makeup, but who think (and/or whose mothers think) that they're a bit too young to wear a more intense lipstick color.

Overall presentation is a chief part of the marketing and selling of lip gloss. Different packaging is designed for different age groups. A packaging with bright colors and illustrations would be suited for younger customers, whereas medical lip gloss is presented in a simple manner and would be more popular with those of teenagers and adults.

Lip gloss can be used with lipstick to create different effects. A clear, simple lip gloss (i.e. one with no color, metallic effect or glitter) can be worn over a non-frosty (i.e. a "creme") lipstick to make it shiny (e.g. '50's actress Marilyn Monroe used to do this). Clear lip gloss can also be mixed with any lipstick color to make colored glosses. In this case, a bit of lipstick is applied to the lips with a lip brush, and the clear gloss is applied on top of the lipstick. Finally, a lipstick can be used to give more definition to lips that are made up with lip gloss. In this case, the lip gloss is applied, and a lipstick of a similar (but slightly darker) shade is applied (with a lip brush) to line the lips, as a lip pencil would. The line must be thin and soft, and the shape of the lips can be changed slightly in this way (but only slightly, or else the effect will look funny).

It is also possible to create types of lip gloss in the home. This can be done using a variety of ingredients of different qualities or costs, depending on the desired results.

BLUSHON

Cosmetics company have defined art of color and texture with trend setting colors and precision formulas that flatter faces of all ages.Created Italian makeup artist Rosy Armani.Faces look brighter and younger with the natural blush of the Blush on bubbles fearing moisturizing vegetate. and Lanolin oils that help skin stay supple and soft.Smooth and silky consistency is smudge proof and long-lasting.Pertly color pink shade flatters all skin tones.

MASCARA

Mascara is a cosmetics used to darken lighten or colour lashes, also it can be used to thicken, lenghthen and define eyelashes. Mascara comes in three forms: liquid, cake, and cream. It also comes in many formulas, tints, and colours. The general purpose of mascara is to define, thicken, lengthen, and emphasise lashes. Mascara is available with tube and wand applicators. Ingredients in mascara include water, wax thickeners, film-formers, and preservatives. Mascara brushes can be straight or curved, to curl eye lashes, with fine or thick bristles. Some mascara wands contain rayon or nylon fibers to length eyelashes.

History

The first mascara product was invented by Eugene Rimmel in the 19th century. The word "rimmel" still means "mascara" in several languages, including Portuguese (rímel), Turkish (rimel), Romanian (rimel), Dutch (rimel), Persian (rimel) etc.

The woman's eye has had mascara applied to the lashes for a fuller effect

The word mascara derives from the Italian maschera, which means "mask"^[1]from Middle Latin masca or Arabic Maskhara or from Old Occitan masco ^[2]. Modern mascara was created in 1913 by a chemist named T. L. Williams for his sister, Mabel. This early mascara was made from coal dust mixed with Vaseline petroleum jelly. The product was a success with Mabel, and Williams began to sell his new product through the mail. His company Maybelline, a combination of his sister's name and Vaseline, eventually became a leading cosmetics company.

Mascara is used to darken and thicken lashes, and was composed of colorants and carnauba wax. Users wet a brush and rubbed it over the cake, then applied it to the eyes. Mascara is used by women to enhance eyes as well as draw attention to them.

The modern tube and wand applicator was more appealing to the market than the old "cake" mascara. Max Factor was the first to create a mascara with a wand applicator in the product tube, which started the modern mascara products available today.

Composition

Modern mascaras can be divided in two groups: water resistant mascaras (often labeled waterproof) and non-water resistant mascaras.

Water resistant mascaras have a composition based on a volatile solvent (isododecane - an isomer of dodecane), animal-derived waxes (beeswax), vegetal based waxes (carnauba wax, rice bran wax, candelila wax), mineral origin wax (ozokerite, paraffin), pigments (iron oxide, ultramarine) and filmifying polymers. These mascaras do not contain water-sensitive moieties, offering an excellent resistance to tears, sweat or rain. As a result, these mascaras can only be removed with a specific make-up remover, able to dilute the dried mascara film.

Egg whites are often used it coloured mascara.

Non water-resistant mascaras are based on water, soft surfactants (like triethanolamine stearate), animal-derived waxes (beeswax), vegetal based waxes (carnauba wax, rice bran wax, candelilla wax), mineral origin waxes (ozokerite, paraffin), pigments (iron oxide, ultramarine), thickening polymers (gum arabic, hydrophobically modified cellulose) and on preservatives. These mascaras can run under the effect of tears, but are easily removed with some soap and water.

Polymers in a water dispersed form (latexes) can bring some level of water resistance to the group of normally non-water resistant mascaras.

Waterproof mascaras are similar to oil-based or solvent-based paints. Non water-resistant mascaras behave like water based paints. For intermediate water sensitivity, mascaras and latex-based paints (acrylates) contain polymer dispersions.

Use

Mascara may be used on all eyelashes, from inner to outer corners. The mascara wand is dipped into a clean tube of mascara, applied close to the base of the lashes and worked out to the tips. Mascara wands are made of plastic and should never be shared. Mascara can be applied to the top eyelashes for a 'heavy-lidded' look, or to the bottom lashes to widen the eyes. It is usually applied to curled lashes and may be preceded by a lash primer. The desired lengthening effect is achieved by reapplication of the mascara in 2-3 minutes. The moisture in some mascaras and primers can cause lashes to uncurl during application, which is easily solved by using a waterproof mascara with a drier formula.

Mascara that contains nylon fibers can give lashes a fuller and longer appearance because it clings to the lashes like mini extensions. Provitamin B5 in mascara acts as a conditioner for lashes, giving them a softer and more natural feel. For safety and health issues, mascaras should be discarded 3 months after opened.

HATS

History

Top hats started to take over from the tricorne at the end of the 18th century; a painting by Charles Vernet of 1796, Un Incroyable, shows a French dandy (one of the Incroyables et Merveilleuses) wearing such a hat^[2].

Within twenty years top hats had become popular with all social classes, with even workmen wearing them. At that time those worn by members of the upper classes were usually made of felted beaver fur, while those worn by working men were made of rabbit fur; the generic name "stuff hat" was applied to hats made from fur. The hats became part of the uniforms worn by policemen (who could stand on them to look over walls) and postmen (to give them the appearance of authority); since these people spent most of their time outdoors, their hats were topped with black oilcloth.^[3]

During the early part of the 19th century felted beaver fur was gradually replaced by silk "hatter's plush", though the silk topper met with resistance from those who preferred the beaver hat. A short-lived fad in the 1820s and 1830s was the "Wellington" style of top-hat with concave sides. The peak of the top hat's popularity in the 1840s and the 1850s saw it reach its most extreme form, with ever higher crowns and narrow brims. The stovepipe hat was a variety with straight sides, while one with slightly convex sides was called the "chimney pot".^[4] The stovepipe hat was popularized in the US by Abraham Lincoln during his presidency; it is said that Lincoln would keep important letters inside the hat.

During the middle part of the 19th century the top hat developed from a fashion into a symbol of urban respectability, and this was assured when Prince Albert started wearing them in 1850; the subsequent rise in popularity of the top hat led to a decline in beaver hats, sharply reducing the size of the beaver-trapping industry in North America.

The nineteenth century is sometimes known as the Century of the Top Hat. The historian James Laver once made the observation that an assemblage of "toppers" looked like factory chimneys and thus added to the mood of the industrial era. In England, post-Brummel dandies went in for flared crowns and swooping brims. Their counterparts in France, known as the “Incroyables,” wore top hats of such outlandish dimensions that there was no room for them in overcrowded cloakrooms until Antoine Gibus came along in 1823 and invented the collapsible top hat. Such hats are often called an opera hat, though the term can also be synonymous with any top hat, or any tall formal men's hat. In the 1920s they were also often called high hats.

However, at its peak in popularity a reaction developed against the top hat, with the middle classes adopting bowler hats and soft felt hats such as fedoras, which were more convenient for city life, as well as being suitable for mass production. In comparison, a top hat needed to be handmade by a skilled hatter, with few young people willing to take up what was obviously a dying trade. The top hat became associated with the upper class, becoming a target for satirists and social critics. By the end of World War I it had become a rarity in everyday life. It continued to be used for formal wear, with a Morning dress in the daytime and with evening clothes (dress coat) until the late 1930s (the top hat is featured as one of the original tokens in the board game Monopoly.)

The top hat persisted in certain areas, such as politics and international diplomacy, for several more years. In the newly-formed Soviet Union, there was a fierce debate as to whether its diplomats should follow the international conventions and wear a top hat, with the pro-toppers winning the vote by a large majority.

Top hats are associated with stage magic, in particular the hat trick. In 1814, the French magician Comte became the first conjurer on record to pull a white rabbit out of a top hat.^[5] though this is also attributed to the much later John Henry Anderson.^[6]

Top hats also appear as a form of party hat and are popular amongst persons in the gothic subculture.

Top hats in the present

Top hats are not often worn as daily wear and are normally only used at weddings or other unusual social occasions, such as formal races, first speeches by politicians, or as court dress. The standard top hat is a hard, black silk hat, with fur now often used. The acceptable colours of hats are much as they have traditionally been, with so-called white hats (which are grey), a daytime racing colour, worn at the less formal occasions demanding a top hat, such as Royal Ascot, or with a morning suit.

The collapsible silk opera hat, or crush hat, always black, is still worn on occasions worn with evening wear as part of white tie,^[8] and is still made by a few companies, since the materials, satin or grosgrain silk, are still available. The other alternative hat for eveningwear is the normal hard shell.^[9]

Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale, 1890 (Sargent)

The standard black hats, once bought in different weights, from 'town weight' to 'hunting weight', are rarely owned in specific weights and styles.Top hats are often now connected with the past, as many have not seen one worn in real life not as part of a costume, when it might be worn for example by characters from Dickens' novels. Some of the notable modern associations of the top hat include:

CUFFKILNKS

Do sometimes look down to your wrists and see your bland shirt cuffs and feel that there is definitely something vitally important missing from the picture? You would be right! If your shirt’s cuffs are looking bland then they are in dire needs of dressing up. Fortunately there is a perfect and magnificent solution to the bland cuff dilemma. And if you were ever looking for a reason to spoil yourself with something that is essential but also glamorous then a great set of cuff links is as much for you as they are for your under dressed shirt cuffs.Typically you choose your shirts and cuff links by matching them up by well co-ordinated colour. However you should not feel prescribed by sticking to usual colour combinations. The greatest benefit of mixing and matching your shirt to your cuff links is that you will maximise and get the best from your cuff links. You will find that it is like having a new wardrobe as your shirts will have different looks and new appeals about them that were previously undiscovered. You may have bought a set of cuff links to match a particular shirt but do not feel limited to only wear the two together, try out new shirt combinations and new cuff link combination with each of your shirts too. Cuff links are extremely versatile items of jewellery. You will be amazed at some of the resulting and great new combinations.

And remember you don’t always have to take your style or fashion too seriously, mix it up, have fun and always be sure to enjoy whatever you are wearing. With a set of cuff links that speaks to your personality and even reflects your sense of humour you can create a unique and very individual style. This extra injection of life into your outfit will be noticed and your personality will shine through even more because of it. So go for an unusual set of cuff links. Maybe go for something bold in its design and bright in its colour. By having a couple of fun and flavour filled cuff links in your collection you can at anytime choose to mix up a sophisticated suit with a touch of vibrant personality. Or why not go for a themed set of cuff links. Just because you are wearing a suit does not mean that you have to become one. You are much more than your clothing and your job so breakout a little with a set of themed cuff links that speak to your personal loves or interests. If you are technology man then go for a set of iPod style designed cuff links. If you are into gadgets then the perfect pair of cuff links for your is an actual working pair of compass cuff links.

Cuff links are about style and extremely good fashion sensibility, they are made and designed to be enjoyed and to be worn by the discerning man who knows how to combine classiness with the everyday. So find your favourite sets of cufflinks and don’t hold back on the mixing and matching to keep your look fresh and exciting.

TIES

Ties are main part of men;s dress but now a days ladies are to use .It wear on trousers shirt or dress shirt. Men wear on party or in offices .Ladies wear in offices. Some schools are allow for students .It has tow size bow tie or long ties.Its size are change some time .Some time is its narrow or some time is broad.It has many colors or styles.Bow tie wear at night in hotels or clubs.Some time waters are wear it. {CARING OF TIES} Hang up your ties, it helps take out some of the wrinkles. Knit ties can be stretched when hung, so gently roll them up and store them on a drawer.Hang ties up on a rock designed for the purpose. Ties slip and twist on hangers, and will probably fall off. Rolling up the tie from the narrow end first and leaving it for a couple of days will remove wrinkles in the tie . Storing ties out of the light prevents fading. For traveling, loosely roll ties and place them inside a pair of socks or use tie case. Cut any loose threads on your tie .Pulling them can do major damage to your tie. Don,t wear the same tie in a raw,ties need time to return to its normal shape. Always un knot your tie when you are not wearing. It leaving it knotted can damage the tie and cause create permanent wrinkles. Steam your tie, try to avoid ironing your tie. Do not rub saains, it causes fabric abrasion and loss of color.

JEANS

Fashion repeats itself as much as history and it is a skinny revolution now with skinny jeans piping hot this season.Are you raiding your husband's wardrobe everyday for those extra large shirts that don;t fit you?.Are you in a mess for those clothes that are too large or too tight for you outfit?.Jeans are pants or trousers.Mainly designed for worker;they become popular among teenage starting in the 1950.Today jeans are very popular form of casual dress around the world and come in many styles and colors Jeans can be worn very loose in a manner that completely conceals the shape of the wearer's lower body, or they can be snugly fitting and accent hole the lady.Histories photographs indicate that in the decades before they become a staple of fashion,jeans generally fit quite loosely, much like a pair of bib overall without the bib. Recycled blue jeans is become a popular insulation materiel used in the construction of houses. Due to its low relative synthetic chemical composition and because it is made of recycled materials, it is going prominence in green building circles like conventional insulation, it moderates heat transfer and redness sound transfer between floors and rooms. Jeans are very like kids younger and all ages.Jeans are in dark and light colors dark blue withe off withe green.Many people like dark blue color.